Implications for Defence Managers and Commanders of the Findings of Research Paper

Implications for Defence Managers and Commanders of the Findings of Zimbardos Stanford Prison Experiment - Research Paper Example Take one prisoner as an example; he is kept inside a closed room with only one opening ornamented with hard iron rods but, what happens when one good human being is put in an evil place Does humanity win over evil, or does evil triumphs "A prison is any situation in which one person's freedom and liberty are denied by virtue of the arbitrary power exercised by another person or group. Thus our prisons of concrete and steel are really only metaphors for the social prisons we create and maintain through enforced poverty, racism, sexism, and other forms of social injustice." (Committee on the Judiciary, 114) The above quote is what Dr. Philip Zimbardo, a Ph. D. in Psychology from Stanford University derived from his famous Stanford Prison Experiment. The Stanford prison experiment was a psychological study of "human responses to captivity and its behavioral effects on both authorities and inmates in prison". The experiment was conducted in 1971 in Palo Alto, California by a team of researchers led by psychologist Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University. As per the scheduled plan, voluntary participants were recruited via a newspaper ad and offered $15 a day to participate in a two-week "prison simulation." An astonishing number of 75 students responded. The applicants were interviewed and tested "to eliminate candidates with psychological problems, medical disabilities, or a history of crime or drug abuse" (Stanford Prison Experiment website). Twenty-four students from the U.S. and Canada, a group of healthy, intelligent, middle-class males, were considered for the experiment and were promised of $15/day. They were divided into two groups, to act as guards and prisoners. A former prisoner who had served nearly seventeen years behind bars served as the consultant. A prison was constructed in the basement of Stanford's Psychology Department building, To create prison cells, doors were taken off some laboratory rooms and replaced by specially made doors with steel bars and cell numbers. Bars on cells were put in place and had three prisoners living in small quarters night and day. A small closet, about two feet wide and two feet deep was constructed to act as "The Hole" for solitary confinement. The local police co-operated in sweeping through the town, picking up suspects who were actually the selected volunteers, they were put into a car, driven to the Stanford county jail for further processing and subsequently brought to the make-shift jail. The prisoners were each searched, stripped naked, and deloused. The prisoner has then issued a uniform. The main part of this uniform was a dress, or smock, which each prisoner wore at all times with no underclothes. On the smock, in front, and in the back, was his prison ID number. On each prisoner's ri ght ankle was a heavy chain, bolted on and worn at all times. Rubber sandals were the footwear, and each prisoner covered his hair with a stocking cap made from a woman's nylon stocking. The entire experiment was recorded and videotaped. The guards weren't given any specific training; they made up their own rules upon supervision of Warden David Jaffe, an undergraduate from Stanford University. They were dressed in identical uniforms of khaki, carried a whistle and a billy club borrowed from the police.  Ã‚  

Economics Incresing supermarkets chain profits by adopting different Essay

Economics Incresing supermarkets chain profits by adopting different pricing strategies in different markets - Essay Example This type of marketing strategy involves the introduction of market segmentation by the company, when the segments are introduced then the company is able to price different prices on the goods they sell in the market, higher income earners are charged higher prices while the low income earners example students pay less. Through price discrimination chain supply supermarkets are able to achieve higher profits from the same market. Premium pricing is another pricing strategy that is aimed at attracting high status conscious customers, a good is introduced in the market and its price is set at a higher level than other goods, the objective of these pricing strategy is to meet the needs of some consumers who believe that the high prices are a sign of quality, they believe that the high price on the product is as a result of high production costs which are incurred to make the product the best, for these reason they will buy the product at the high price. These customers also believe that purchasing such a product will be a symbol of self worth. Therefore the customer will buy the highly priced product because they are worth it. Penetration pricing is a pricing strategy aimed at increasing the quantity sold by a chain supply supermarket, this strategy involves lowering the prices of a product whose demand is highly elastic, this means that when the price is lowered then the demand for the product will highly increase. However this pricing strategy is applied when the price decrease will result into a high decline in costs as the sales volume increases. For this reason therefore the chain supply supermarket will reduce the price of a certain product leading to high decline in costs and therefore high levels of profits. Price skimming: Price skimming involves charging high prices on a product but then gradually lowering the prices over time, this strategy is mostly used by a chain supply company in order to recover sunk costs, the firm captures its customers surplus and hence high profits are attained in the process, however over time after the firm has gained it will lower prices gradually to the market price level. Promotional pricing: Promotional pricing involves giving a price cut on certain products for a short period of time, this is a strategy aimed at increasing the demand for a product and also attracting customers to take advantage of these offers, this strategy involves promotional discounts which aid in giving the chain supply supermarkets competitive advantage and increasing consumers turnout into their supermarkets and therefore increasing sales on the product and also other products. Price discounting: This is a strategy that is mostly used by chain supply supermarkets where they offer trade discounts, seasonal discounts and quantity discount, it is commonly used to attract more customers into the supermarket and also as a way to increase demand for its product through quantity discounts, this way the firm is able to maximise its profits by increasing its market area. Price lining: Price lining is a marketing strategy used by chain supply supermarkets and it involves product lining which aid in price lining, product lining involve offering products in the market that are related, a product line will may either have products of different sizes, types,

Chocolate Market Essay Example for Free

Chocolate Market Essay Discover the latest market trends and uncover sources of future market growth for the Chocolate Confectionery industry in United Kingdom with research from Euromonitors team of in-country analysts. Find hidden opportunities in the most current research data available, understand competitive threats with our detailed market analysis, and plan your corporate strategy with our expert qualitative analysis and growth projections. If youre in the Chocolate Confectionery industry in United Kingdom, our research will save you time and money while empowering you to make informed, profitable decisions. The Chocolate Confectionery in United Kingdom market research report includes: * Analysis of key supply-side and demand trends * Detailed segmentation of international and local products * Historic volumes and values, company and brand market shares * Five year forecasts of market trends and market growth * Robust and transparent market research methodology, conducted in-country Our market research reports answer questions such as: * What is the market size of Chocolate Confectionery in United Kingdom? * What are the major brands in United Kingdom? * What are market opportunities for health and wellness minded dark chocolate? * What are market opportunities for ethically sourced chocolate? * How might increasingly volatile cocoa bean commodity prices impact retail prices and sales performance? Sample Analysis * Chocolate confectionery sales are expected to grow by 6% in value and 1% in volume terms in 2011. The industry continues to be affected by food price inflation that includes rising prices for ingredients such as cocoa, milk and sugar. The value growth for the category stems mainly from unit price increases of 5% to  £8.80 per kg. The unrest in the Ivory Coast is also seen as a reason for fluctuating cocoa prices; however other sources such as Ghana tend to compensate for supply deficiency from the Ivory Coast. * Cadbury UK Ltd continued to lead chocolate confectionery in 2010, accounting for 31% of value sales. The acquisition by Kraft Foods Inc, in February 2010, did not seem to hinder retail sales of Cadbury UK Ltd’s brands. In September 2010, the company announced the launch of Cadbury Dairy Milk Bliss. The new chocolate is a tablet targeted at women. The launch was supported by a  £2.2 million advertising campaign. The company also continued its revamp of old favourites to maintain the retro trend it started with the revival of Wispa. It repackaged its Starbar and Picnic countlines in November 2010. The company trialled cardboard boxes for its Cadbury’s Roses during Christmas 2010; however it has confirmed that it is not going to revamp the packaging fully to cardboard as tin boxes for Cadbury’s Roses are seen as a Christmas tradition. * Chocolate confectionery is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 4% in constant value terms and 1% in volume terms over the forecast period. Consumers will continue to eat chocolate confectionery products as a treat and will choose chocolate to indulge. With both the government and consumers cautious about obesity in the UK, low calories and portion-controlled offerings will be welcomed by the marketplace.

Culture of the Near East :: Ancient World Culture

From the Near East comes the Old Babylonian account of the life and death of GILGAMESH. There was a real Gilgamesh, a king who ruled some 2700 years before Christ lived and the Romans consolidated their vast empire. The character and the exploits of this king were preserved in the form of stories that circulated for many years after the king's death. Some of these tales -- more than 600 years after Gilgamesh's rule -- were collected by a story teller and were put down in the form of an epic poem. This poem is what we know today as The Epic of Gilgamesh. Who knows how many versions The Epic of Gilgamesh went through before consolidation in its written form? Who knows how many translations the stories underwent before their reworking in the Babylonian language? Who knows how many parts of the story might have offended or misrepresented the eponymous king? Who knows how many story-tellers made more (or less) of Mashu, the mountainous gateway to the other world, as they kept their audiences spellbound with fantastical details of this greatest of human adventures -- the struggle to find (and retain) eternal life? What is known is no less intriguing. How curious is the parallel between the story of Utnapishtim and the Hebrew account of Noah. How symbolic is the description of Enkidu, the prototypical natural man, as he sheds his animalistic behaviors in preference for the pleasures of human society. How extraordinary is the description of the snake, whose stealing of the essence of immortality from Gilgamesh results in the snake's rebirth each time it sheds its skin. Of course the Hebrew iteration of the Flood story is not coincidence. For a time, the HEBREWS lived in SUMER, home to Abraham's people. Nomadic people, they left the fertile river valleys and headed for CANAAN and later EGYPT, taking with them ancient accounts of floods and righteous people whose obedience and wisdom helped them to survive the consuming waters.

Mad About Plaid

Castlebridge is at a cross-road – on one hand it has to reduce costs which will eventually lead to a loss in a numerous amount of local employees. Reputational risk is now an issue as well brand-image. Once a provider for the wealthy, the company is concerned that tags relaying Asian manufacturing countries will undermine the confidence of the purchaser who is looking for something authentically British. 2. Niall Ferguson Niall Ferguson takes the logical approach where the objective of any firm is to maximise profits. By not doing so, the firm will lose out to the competitors and will continue to face rising costs in keeping up with consumer preferences. Ferguson hols Fergus Harold accountable for being overly nationalistic and even rather ignorant to the status of British clothing made in Malaysia and its effect on a Japanese consumer. The main concern of backlash would be from local purchasers whose confidence may be undermined by the outsourcing of a classy British brand to a third world country. However, it is well pointed out that Mary Crane does not feel threatened by British media – supposedly she sees that production line workers are of the lower working class whereas buyers of Castlebridge's products of are of the wealthier class. Besides, Ferguson debates, trade unions have been subdued during Thatcher's time. It's true that no British manufacturing line can survive in their high cost market by maintaining production lines within the UK. Labour is just too expensive. As for brand image, maintaining the class, thus the quality, is more important than running the risk of a complete closure and a shutdown of business. I agree with Ferguson. Cutting down on costs is the method that Castlebridge should take in this instance. There is no need to maintain high costs and place burden upon shareholders of the company. However, this response leaves out the important factor of Castlebridge employees. They need to be accounted for, regardless of class – and there are ways of compensating them for their loss of jobs. 3. Dana Thomas Dana Thomas, in her response, is more concerned with the fashion industry than other issues inherent in this article. The changes of fashion statements over the years and the paradigm expansion from just targeting the wealthier class to exposing brands to the middle class speaks volumes about what Castlebridge would have to go through in order to maintain sales. There is too much emphasis on luxury brands that are authentically English, but surviving in the ever-changing world of fashion is impossible of Castlebridge continues to perspire over brand positioning and its nuances towards the upper class alone. However due to their new target market they also face the vulnerability in dealing with economic externalities such as economic down-turns. Thomas agrees with the outsourcing of production lines to Asia while maintaining design houses in the United Kingdom. In my opinion, this should be the correct strategy to take. At the end of the day, it is vital for a firm to maximise profits – this is how a business operates. Thomas' concerns lay essentially with stakeholders, as do mine, as she describes Britishness a euphemism of integrity and honesty – she also mentions â€Å"coming clean about strategies and objectives.† Furthermore, with ever-changing tastes in the fashion industry, it only makes sense for brand image to also alter, according to customer whims. Hanging on Britishness will hardly be a priority if profits begin to decline in the long run. 4. Dov Seidman So far, I agree most with Dov Seidman's approach in determining the elements of effective managerial changes. Though the underlying objective of the firm is to maximise profits, there are also qualitative aspects Mary Crane's proposed outsourcing move. Like Dana Thomas, Seidman suggests that the company plans effectively and honestly to maintain an amicable relationship with all relevant parties. Management's role is more than just figure-oriented; it also looks into the human aspect of a company, imposing beliefs of fiduciary relationships upon more than just their stakeholders. Reputational risks are at stake if Castlebridge blatantly sideline their local work force who has been diligently churning out classy British produce for the past 30 years. Therefore, it is mandatory for Castlebridge to execute their plan in a tactful manner, full compensating valued employees while demonstrating the utmost responsibility towards their stakeholders. With the fast-paced internet, more people will know of a horrendous blind sight as compared to a good deed that Castlebridge executes. Furthermore, his concern for the brand image of Britishness is also wayward. He believes there is not necessarily a sacrifice of the wealth image just by outsourcing a production line. Therefore, brand positioning as agreed upon by Thomas and Ferguson is the least of Castlebridge's concerns. In hindsight, ethics is a concern for Seidman. A company cannot survive in today's age without a conscience. He even cites the example of Mary donating Castlebridge's used factory to the local community – it may be viewed as a PR gimmick. Seidman's holistic management approach is the most recent approach seen as of now in this article. He balances out the profits as well as the people aspect of the firm. 5. Gill Corkindale Gill Corkindale concentrates on supporting Castlebridge's staff. She provides managerial steps in determining their well-being before, throughout and after the process of outsourcing. As with Seidman, she focuses on the human factor of this whole escapade – her major concern are the employees of Castlebridge. Though she agrees that Crane is the ultimate forward-looking CEO who thrives from the betterment of the company, she has to consider those who have serviced Castlebridge over the years of providing for wealthy shoppers. I agree with Corkindale to ultimately take steps to ensuring the welfare of future former employees. Again honesty and integrity surface here as well when dealing with staff anxiety and apprehension in such a massive managerial shift. However, Corkindale comments a lot about communication and â€Å"what to expect† from downsized employees. She does not suggest compensatory packages or any other means that Crane and her team should take to help ascertain a fair future for their employees. A simple example would be a motivating reference letter. 6. Commentary Firstly, Castlebridge's management has a fiduciary duty to cater towards the betterment of stakeholders – the ultimate goal: maximise profits by increasing revenue and reducing costs. All respondents agree that outsourcing production lines to cheaper waged countries is the logical step for the company to take. Secondly, a responsibility towards employees takes the humanitarian approach by Castlebridge. Sincerely caring for the welfare of retrenched workers is a laudable act – compensation schemes and references to new jobs is required to maintain Castlebridge's integrity in the market. Thirdly, brand positioning can be accommodated through marketing tactics. Not all companies are born to remain wealth-targeted companies. Change and eventual evolvement is part and parcel of any retail provider – especially when they rely heavily on consumers for sales. Brand identity can be repositioned / reinforced, whichever Castlebridge chooses to implement. Brand image should be the least of their priorities. 7. Conclusion Castlebridge owes their shareholders a fiduciary relationship where their interests are placed higher than those of other parties. Strategically if a the production lines have to be outsourced offshore, they should proceed with the outsourcing, exercising due care towards retrenched employees as well as the local community – this is to maintain Castlebridge's reputation as a British company that cares about the locals. Brand identity as well as customer perception can be emphasised through marketing tools that are inevitably available for companies today. It is imperative that Castlebridge remains a profit maximising corporation or else, any heritage or standard they pride themselves in, in the first place, will cease to exist if costs begin to run higher than revenue lines. However, with principles in mind, Castlebridge can also turn its focus on philanthropic causes to maintain a degree of dignity in mind. Not only is this vital for the company's image, it also acts as an effective marketing tool, and in the long-run shareholders too will benefit from the exposure the company seeks through charitable causes.   

The Periods of Egyptian History in Pictures

Government Incentives on Biofuel An Argumentative Essay

Abstract Biofuel is a much useful and creative invention. It has eased the pressure of fuel requirements but many argue this pressure has been decreased in a cruel way. The study focuses on discussing the various aspects of how the Government incentives on biofuel are raising the food prices. Introduction Biofuel is a type of energy which can be derived from biomass, animal waste and most controversially from renewable plants. Biofuel is used as a substitute for oil and other energies. The reasons for the growing fame of biofuel is both negative and positive as it is an alternative form of energy for the government and makes their life easy, on the other hand biofuel has made people life miserable by causing a raise in food prices. Biofuel is currently present in many different forms including Biodiesel, Bioethanol and Biogas. Biodiesel as it name depicts is a substitute for diesel and in its purified form it can be used as a fuel for vehicles. It is made from oilseeds, vegetable oil and sometimes from animal fats. Bioethanol is used instead of petrol; it is very useful now days as the demand for petrol and its price are equally high. Fulfilling that high demand of petrol by biofuel form of bioethanol has raised many questions and it has brought many people on streets because bioethanol is made from cereal based and starch crops. The heavy use of these ingredients has raised the prices of food to an uncontrollable extent. Biogas is a form of substitute for natural gasShow MoreRelatedPromotional Exam Econs10149 Words   |  41 Pagesin Lecture) 3. 2008 CJC Prelims H1 Paper CSQ1: The Illegal Drug Market 4. 2009 RVHS Year 5 End of Year Exams Paper CSQ1: Challenges of the Agricultural Sector Section B: Essays 1. 2006 SAJC H1 Final Exams: Application of Demand and Supply – Price Control 2. 2008 SRJC H1 Prelims: Market Failure 3. 2008 A Levels H2 Essay: Elasticity of DD and SS 4. 2009 PJC H1 Prelims: Theory of DD and SS, Price Elasticity of DD and SS and Market Failure 5. 2009 HCI H1 Prelims: Market Failure